Interactive maps on Leaflet¶
Whenever you go into a website that has some kind of interactive map, it is quite probable that you are wittnessing a map that has been made with a JavaScipt library called Leaflet (the other popular one that you might have wittnessed is called OpenLayers).
There is also a Python module called Folium that makes it possible visualize data that’s been manipulated in Python on an interactive Leaflet map.
Creating a simple interactive web-map¶
Let’s first see how we can do a simple interactive web-map without any data on it. We just visualize OpenStreetMap on a specific location of the a world.
- First thing that we need to do is to create a Map instance. There are few parameters that we can use to adjust how in our Map instance that will affect how the background map will look like.
import folium
# Create a Map instance
m = folium.Map(location=[60.25, 24.8], tiles='Stamen Toner',
zoom_start=10, control_scale=True)
The first parameter location
takes a pair of lat, lon values as list as an input which will determine where the map will be positioned when user opens up the map. zoom_start
-parameter adjusts the default zoom-level for the map (the higher the number the closer the zoom is). control_scale
defines if map should have a scalebar or not.
- Let’s see what our map looks like. We can already now save the map without any content. It will now just show the basemap in such a way that we initialized it. Let’s save the map as
/home/geo/base_map.html
.
In [1]: outfp = "/home/geo/base_map.html"
In [2]: m.save(outfp)
Take a look at the map by clicking it with right mouse and open it with Google Chrome which then opens it up in a web browser.
- Let’s change the basemap style to
Stamen Toner
and change the location of our map slightly. Thetiles
-parameter is used for changing the background map provider and map style (see here for all possible ones).
# Let's change the basemap style to 'Stamen Toner'
m = folium.Map(location=[40.730610, -73.935242], tiles='Stamen Toner',
zoom_start=12, control_scale=True, prefer_canvas=True)
# Filepath to the output
outfp = "/home/geo/base_map2.html"
# Save the map
m.save(outfp)
Task
Play around with the parameters and save the map and see how those changes affect the look of the map.
Adding layers to the map¶
Adding layers to a web-map is fairly straightforward and similar procedure as with Bokeh and we can use familiar tools to handle the data, i.e. Geopandas. Our ultimate aim is to create a plot like this where population in Helsinki and the address points are plotted on top of a web-map:
First we need to prepare the data.
# Filepaths
fp = "/home/geo/data/Vaestotietoruudukko_2015.shp"
addr_fp = "/home/geo/data/addresses.shp"
# Read Data
data = gpd.read_file(fp)
ad = gpd.read_file(addr_fp)
# Re-project to WGS84
data['geometry'] = data['geometry'].to_crs(epsg=4326)
ad['geometry'] = ad['geometry'].to_crs(epsg=4326)
# Update the CRS of the GeoDataFrame
data.crs = from_epsg(4326)
ad.crs = from_epsg(4326)
# Make a selection (only data above 0 and below 1000)
data = data.ix[(data['ASUKKAITA'] > 0) & (data['ASUKKAITA'] <= 1000)]
# Create a Geo-id which is needed by the Folium (it needs to have a unique identifier for each row)
data['geoid'] = data.index.astype(str)
ad['geoid'] = ad.index.astype(str)
# Select data
data = data[['geoid', 'ASUKKAITA', 'geometry']]
# Save the file as geojson
jsontxt = data.to_json()
Now we have our population data stored in the jsontxt
variable as GeoJSON format which basically contains the
data as text in a similar way that it would be written in the .geojson
-file.
Now we can start visualizing our data with Folium.
# Create a Clustered map where points are clustered
marker_cluster = folium.MarkerCluster().add_to(map_osm)
# Create Choropleth map where the colors are coming from a column "ASUKKAITA".
# Notice: 'geoid' column that we created earlier needs to be assigned always as the first column
# with threshold_scale we can adjust the class intervals for the values
map_osm.choropleth(geo_str=jsontxt, data=data, columns=['geoid', 'ASUKKAITA'], key_on="feature.id",
fill_color='YlOrRd', fill_opacity=0.9, line_opacity=0.2, line_color='white', line_weight=0,
threshold_scale=[100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000],
legend_name='Population in Helsinki', highlight=False, smooth_factor=1.0)
# Create Address points on top of the map
for idx, row in ad.iterrows():
# Get lat and lon of points
lon = row['geometry'].x
lat = row['geometry'].y
# Get address information
address = row['address']
# Add marker to the map
folium.RegularPolygonMarker(location=[lat, lon], popup=address, fill_color='#2b8cbe', number_of_sides=6, radius=8).add_to(marker_cluster)
# Save the output
outfp = r'/home/geo/data/pop15.html'
map_osm.save(outfp)
That’s it! Now we have a cool interactive map with some markers on it and grid showing the population in the Helsinki Region on top of a basemap. Open it with your browser and see the result.